The history of African-Americans began with the arrival of 20 black people at Jamestown in Virginia in 1619. Despite their time-honored history, however, African-Americans were not treated in the same way as whites even after Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. As shown in the US supreme court's decision to be "separate but equal" in the "Plessy versus Ferguson" case in 1896, blacks had been discriminated against under the whites' segregation policies for a long time. Such discrimination turned out to be unconstitutional in the ruling on the "Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka" case in 1954. Regardless of the decision, racial segregation between whites and blacks remained the same in various aspects of the American society.