Accordingly, Blacks' efforts to seek their identity overcoming segregation, which began in earnest in the 1950s, took the form of nonviolent human rights movements demanding the same rights as whites. The movement developed into a radical and violent black power movement in the 1960's, which asked for the separation of blacks. Black riots in Los Angeles which took place in 1992 and the campaign to free Mumia Abu-Jamal can also be viewed in the same light of as the preceding movements. (Reference: Pak, Su-nam, 1998. "Malcom X and Black Power," Master's thesis. Hankook University of Foreign Studies.)