As the whites had occupied Indian's lands, white scholars thought that Indians would soon disappear. In fact, the population of Indians was estimated to be less then ten million before the European's arrival in North America. The estimate has changed from less than 1 million in the 1900's to more than 3 million at present. The living conditions of Indians including economic and education situations are extremely poor. Amid their adverse living conditions, however, Indians are make various efforts to recover their past including legal struggles and educational programs.